Nerve repair and regeneration have remained as a medical challenge for clinical scientists and nanotechnologists. The treatment of spinal cord injury requires a scaffold to stimulate, support, and guide the growth of nerve fibers (axons). Scaffolds with various structures and materials have been studied, but a suitable scaffold for successful and reliable clinical treatment is still missing. In this research, we propose a novel design of scaffolds for nerve regeneration. The proposed scaffolds are nano-engineered, multi-channel rolls that have a hierarchical structure from micrometer-sized channels to nanopatterned grooves, and they are constructed by rolling up membranes that have nanopatterned surfaces. Because of this unique fabrication technique, the size of scaffolds at different scales, including the inner diameter of channels and the size of grooves, can be systematically varied. Various polymers, either biodegradable or nondegradable, can also be used. Such freedom in materials selection and size variation enables us to obtain an optimal design of scaffolds for their best performance. The project involves intensive nanofabrication and in vitro trials of axon regeneration. The initial goal of this research is to demonstrate the proof of concept—i.e., to fabricate the proposed scaffolds and obtain the optimal parameters for scaffolds from in vitro study. Our long-term goal is to apply nano-engineered scaffolds to in vivo study and to develop a commercial product for the treatment of spinal cord injury. The proposed research is interdisciplinary in nature, and represents a strong case of solving medical challenge by developing innovative nanofabrication techniques.